10. Wenn-dann-Anweisungen
So far we’ve learned to create expressions, use variables, and make our own functions.
Our next step is to learn how to write code that will only run based on a certain condition. For example, we may want to draw „Game Over“ text on the screen–but only if the player has run out of lives.
To do this we need to learn how to use an if
statement.
The if
statement is also known as a
conditional statement. (You can use the term „conditional statement“ when you
want to impress everyone how smart you are.) The if
statement allows a computer
to make a decision. Is it hot outside? Has the spaceship reached the edge of the
screen? Has too much money been withdrawn from the account? A program can
decide which block of code to run based on this statement.
10.1. Einfache Vergleiche
Here are two example if
statements.
As you can probably guess, the statements see which variable is smaller,
and which is larger.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 | # Variables used in the example ``if`` statements a = 4 b = 5 # Basic comparisons if a < b: print("a is less than b") if a > b: print("a is greater than b") print("Done") |
Try running the code. You should get output that looks like this:
a is less than b
Done
Since a
is less than b
, the first statement will print out if this code
is run. Flip the values, and the second statement will run.
If both variables a
and b
were equal to 4, then neither of
the two statements would print because 4 is not greater than 4.
Play around with the program by adjusting the values to verify the code continues to do what we expect.
10.2. Flowcharts
To show the flow of a program a flowchart may be used. Most people can follow a
flowchart even without an introduction to programming. See how the flowchart below
matches with the code we just ran. if
statements go in diamonds and have two
possible paths out of them. Regular statements go in rectangles, and have only one
exit path.
This book skips an in-depth look at flow-charting, but if you are curious and want to learn more, Wikipedia has a great article introducing how it works:
10.3. More Comparison Types
The prior example checked to see if variables were „greater than“ or „less than.“
Numbers that were equal would not pass the test. To check if values are greater than or equal,
we use the two characters >=
right next to each other, with no space between.
Let’s adjust our prior code sample:
1 2 3 4 5 | if a <= b: print("a is less than or equal to b") if a >= b: print("a is greater than or equal to b") |
Die Zeichen <=
und >=
müssen in dieser Reihenfolge stehen und es darf kein Leerzeichen zwischen ihnen stehen. Zum Beispiel wird =<
und auch < =
nicht funktionieren.
When writing these statements out on actual paper, some new programmers like to use the ≤
symbol, because that’s what we learned in math. For example:
if a ≤ b:
This ≤
symbol doesn’t actually work in a program. Plus most people don’t
know how to type it on the keyboard. (Just in case you are curious,
to type it hold down the ‚alt‘ key while typing 243 on the number pad.) So when
writing out code, particularly on paper, remember to use the two characters <=
and not the one character ≤
symbol. If you encounter a written test or quiz,
make sure to write it out correctly and not lose points.
The next set of code checks to see if two items are equal or not. If we want to
check for equality, we use two equals signs in a row: ==
.
The operator for not equal is !=
. Here they are in action.
Add them to the bottom of the other code we were working on, and try them out.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | # Equal if a == b: print("a is equal to b") # Not equal if a != b: print("a and b are not equal") |
Achtung
Lerne wann =
und wann ==
verwendet werden müssen.
It is very easy to mix up when to use ==
and =
. Use ==
if you
are asking if they are equal, use =
if you are assigning a value.
Die beiden häufigsten Fehler beim Vertauschen der Operatoren =
und ==
, werden unten gezeigt:
1 2 3 4 5 6 | # This is wrong a == 1 # This is also wrong if a = 1: print("A is one") |
Halt! Nimm dir noch etwas Zeit, gehe zurück und sieh dir sorgfältig die letzten beiden Programmbeispiele an. Spare später Zeit dadurch, dass du sicher verstehst, wann du =
und wann ==
verwenden musst. Rate nicht einfach.
10.4. Einrückung
Indentation matters. Each line under the if
statement that is indented will
only be executed if
the statement is True
. In this example, the three lines
indented under the if
statement will run only if true, the fourth print statement will
always run because it is not indented under an if
statement.
1 2 3 4 5 6 | if a == 1: print("If a is one, this will print.") print("So will this.") print("And this.") print("This will always print because it is not indented.") |
The indentation amount must be the same. This wandering code doesn’t work.
1 2 3 4 | if a == 1: print("Indented two spaces.") print("Indented four. This will generate an error.") print("The computer will want you to make up your mind.") |
Once an if
statement has been finished, it is not possible to re-indent to
go back to it. The test has to be performed again. So this code example doesn’t
work at all:
1 2 3 4 5 6 | if a == 1: print("If a is one, this will print.") print("So will this.") print("This will always print because it is not indented.") print("This will generate an error. Why it is indented?") |
If you try running it, you’ll get the following IndentationError
:
File "c:/my_code/test.py", line 8
print("This will generate an error. Why it is indented?")
^
IndentationError: unexpected indent
10.5. Verwendung von und/oder
An if
statement can check multiple conditions by chaining together
comparisons with and
and or
. These are also considered to be
operators just like the +
and -
characters are.
Go ahead and create a third variable c
and try using these two new operators
yourself.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 | # And if a < b and a < c: print("a is less than b and c") # Non-exclusive or if a < b or a < c: print("a is less than either b or c (or both)") |
Hinweis
Wiederhole bitte selbst.
A common mistake is to omit a variable when checking it against multiple
conditions. You cannot write if a < b or c
. Neither will if a < b or < c
work.
The computer does not know
what to check against the variable c
. It will not assume to check it
against a
. You need the full if a < b or a < c
for it to work correctly.
1 2 3 | # This is not correct if a < b or < c: print("a is less than b and c") |
10.6. Boolesche Variablen
Python supports Boolean variables. What are Boolean variables? Boolean variables
can store a value of either True
or False
. Boolean algebra was
developed by George Boole back in 1854, well before electronic computers.
Yet his work forms the basis of how computer logic works.
If only he knew how important his work would become!
Eine bedingte Anweisung benötigt einen Ausdruck, der zu True
oder False
ausgewertet wird. Was etwas merkwürdig erscheinen kann, ist, dass wir keine Vergleiche anstellen müssen, wenn die Variable schon zu True
oder False
ausgewertet wird.
For example, in this code we set the variable a
to True
. Our if
statement
does’t need a comparison. If a
is True it will execute the statement, if it is False
it will not.
1 2 3 4 | # Boolean data type. This is legal! a = True if a: print("a is true") |
Another operator we can use is the not
operator. You can take any statement or boolean
and flip between True/False. The statement if a
runs if a
is True
, the statement
if not a
runs if the statement is False
.
1 2 3 | # How to use the not function if not a: print("a is false") |
It is also possible to use Boolean variables with the and
and or
operators.
1 2 3 4 5 | a = True b = False if a and b: print("a and b are both true") |
Achtung
Wer hätte gedacht, dass wahr/falsch so schwierig sein kann?
Es ist ebenfalls möglich das Ergebnis eines Vergleichs an eine Variable zuzuweisen. Im Code unten werden die Variablen a
und b
verglichen. Wenn sie gleich sind, wird c
True
andernfalls False
zugewiesen.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | a = 3 b = 3 # This next line is strange-looking, but legal. # c will be true or false, depending if # a and b are equal. c = a == b # Prints value of c, in this case True print(c) |
Hinweis
Null bedeutet False
. Alles andere ist True
.
It is possible to create an if
statement with a condition that does not
evaluate to True
or False
. Because this is confusing, we don’t use this
fact a lot, but it is
important to understand how the computer handles these values when searching for
problems. These two examples will run, and will cause the text to be printed out
because the values in the if
statement are non-zero:
1 2 3 4 | if 1: print("1") if "A": print("A") |
The code below will not print out anything because the value in the if
statement is zero. The value zero is treated as False
.
Any value other than zero (like 2, -1, 600, or even „Fred“) is considered True
.
1 2 | if 0: print("Zero") |
10.7. Die input
-Funktion
Statt die Werte fest in unser Programm zu schreiben, können wir die input
-Funktion verwenden, um den Benutzer aufzuforderen etwas einzugeben. Die input
-Funktion ist einigermaßen einfach zu verwenden:
1 2 | temperature = input("What is the temperature in Fahrenheit? ") print("You said the temperature was " + temperature + ".") |
Gib als Argument beim Aufruf von input
einfach den Text der Eingabeaufforderung an. Was immer der Benutzer eingibt, wird in der Variablen auf der linken Seite der Zuweisung gespeichert.
Beachte, dass ein Fragezeichen und ein Leerzeichen am Ende der Zeichenkette steht. Wenn du das weg lässt, wird der Text, den der Benutzer eingibt, direkt an die Eingabeaufforderung angehängt. Das sieht aber schrecklich aus. Der Benutzer wird verführt, ein Leerzeichen als Erstes einzugeben. Das wird uns aber die Sache später erschweren.
Es gibt noch etwas zu lernen. Wir können die Eingabe des Benutzers nicht direkt mit einer Zahl vergleichen. Dieses Programm:
1 2 3 | temperature = input("What is the temperature in Fahrenheit? ") if temperature > 90: print("It is hot outside.") |
…will fail with a TypeError
:
TypeError: '>' not supported between instances of 'str' and 'int'
Was immer der Benutzer eingibt wird als Text gespeichert. Wir nennen einen Text auch Zeichenkette, weil es für den Rechner nur eine Kette von Zeichen ist. Eine Zeichenkette (englisch string) ist etwas anderes als eine Zahl und der Rechner weiß nicht, wie er sie vergleichen soll.
Therefore, we need to convert the input into a number. We can do with with
the int
for integers. If we have floating point numbers, use the
float
function.
In this example we get the input, convert it to an integer, and then we can
use it in an if
statement.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 | # Get input from the user temperature = input("What is the temperature in Fahrenheit? ") # Convert the input to an integer temperature = int(temperature) # Do our comparison if temperature > 90: print("It is hot outside.") |
You can chain the input
and int
functions on one line if you like, as shown here:
1 2 3 4 5 6 | # Get input from the user temperature = int(input("What is the temperature in Fahrenheit? ")) # Do our comparison if temperature > 90: print("It is hot outside.") |
10.8. Andernfalls und andernfalls wenn
So far, we’ve used simple if
statements to run a block of code, or not
run it. What if we want to select between two blocks of code? What if
we want to run one of four different blocks?
To do this, we need „else“ and „else if“ logic.
Let’s start with a simple if
statement that prints if it is hot outside:
1 2 3 4 | temperature = int(input("What is the temperature in Fahrenheit? ")) if temperature > 90: print("It is hot outside") print("Done") |
If the programmer wants code to be executed if it is not hot, she can use the
else
statement. As for indentation, notice how the else
is lined up
with the i
in the if
statement. Also notice how else
is followed by a colon just like the if
statement.
Try running this code. The if
statement will always run one of the two
blocks, but never both.
1 2 3 4 5 6 | temperature = int(input("What is the temperature in Fahrenheit? ")) if temperature > 90: print("It is hot outside") else: print("It is not hot outside") print("Done") |
In the case of an if…else statement, one block of code will always be
executed. The first block will be executed if
the statement evaluates to
True
, the second block if it evaluates to False
.
It is possible to chain several if
statements together using the else…if
statement. Python abbreviates this as elif
. In this example we add a
third possible combination using elif
.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 | temperature = int(input("What is the temperature in Fahrenheit? ")) if temperature > 90: print("It is hot outside") elif temperature < 30: print("It is cold outside") else: print("It is not hot outside") print("Done") |
In this next example, we’ve made a mistake. The program will output „It is hot outside“ even if the user types in 120 degrees. Why? How can the code be fixed?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | temperature = int(input("What is the temperature in Fahrenheit? ")) if temperature > 90: print("It is hot outside") elif temperature > 110: print("Oh man, you could fry eggs on the pavement!") elif temperature < 30: print("It is cold outside") else: print("It is ok outside") print("Done") |
The computer doesn’t do a „best-fit“, it looks at the if
statement in order.
As 120 is greater than 90, it will run the first condition and skip the rest.
To fix this code, we need to reorder it.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 | temperature = int(input("What is the temperature in Fahrenheit? ")) if temperature > 110: print("Oh man, you could fry eggs on the pavement!") elif temperature > 90: print("It is hot outside") elif temperature < 30: print("It is cold outside") else: print("It is ok outside") print("Done") |
10.9. Textvergleiche
It is possible to use an if
statement to check text, as shown in this example.
1 2 3 4 5 | user_name = input("What is your name? ") if user_name == "Paul": print("You have a nice name.") else: print("Your name is ok.") |
The prior example will only match if the user enters „Paul“ with a capital P. It will not work if the user enters lower-case „paul“ or upper-case „PAUL“.
Ein üblicher Fehler ist, die Anführungszeichen um die Zeichenkette, mit der verglichen werden soll, zu vergessen. Im Beispiel unten wird der Rechner annehmen, dass Paul eine Variable ist, die einen Wert speichert. Er wird einen Fehler anzeigen, weil er keine Ahnung hat, was in der Variablen Paul gespeichert ist.
1 2 3 4 5 | user_name = input("What is your name? ") if user_name == Paul: # This does not work because quotes are missing print("You have a nice name.") else: print("Your name is ok.") |
10.9.1. Mehrfache Textvergleiche
When comparing a variable to multiple possible strings of text, it is important to remember that the comparison must include the variable. For example:
# This does not work! It will always be true
if user_name == "Paul" or "Mary":
Instead, the code should read like this:
# This does work
if user_name == "Paul" or user_name == "Mary":
Confusingly, the first example will run, but it will always trigger the
if
statement even if the name isn’t Paul or Mary.
This is because for any value other than zero, the computer assumes to mean
True
. „Mary“ isn’t zero.
So to the computer „Mary“ is the same thing as True
and so it
will run the code in the if
statement.
10.9.2. Case-Insensitive Comparisons
If the program needs to match text, and we don’t care if it is upper or
lower case, we need a case-insensitive comparison.
The easiest way to do that is to convert everything to lower-case, then compare.
This can be done with the lower()
command.
Achtung
Lerne unabhängig zu sein.
The example below will take whatever the user enters, convert it to lower-case, and then do the comparison. Important: Don’t convert to lower-case and compare it against a string that has uppercase! Then you’ll never match.
1 2 3 4 5 | user_name = input("What is your name? ") if user_name.lower() == "paul": print("You have a nice name.") else: print("Your name is ok.") |
10.10. Review
With the introduction of if
statements we’ve learned how to run code
only if a condition is true. By adding in elif
and else
statements
we can run one of multiple possible code blocks depending upon a condition.
We’ve learned that we write conditions using comparison operators like
<
and >
. We’ve learned that ==
is the comparison operator
for asking if two items are equal,
while =
is the assignment operator used to set a variable’s value.
We can reverse logic using the not
operator.
Finally, we were introduced to Boolean values, where variables can store True
or False
. The if
statements can operate based on those values.
10.10.1. Beispiel bedingte Anweisungen
The next set of example code below runs through all the concepts talked about earlier.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 | # Sample Python/Pygame Programs # Simpson College Computer Science # http://programarcadegames.com/ # http://simpson.edu/computer-science/ # Explanation video: http://youtu.be/pDpNSck2aXQ # Variables used in the example if statements a = 4 b = 5 c = 6 # Basic comparisons if a < b: print("a is less than b") if a > b: print("a is greater than than b") if a <= b: print("a is less than or equal to b") if a >= b: print("a is greater than or equal to b") # NOTE: It is very easy to mix when to use == and =. # Use == if you are asking if they are equal, use = # if you are assigning a value. if a == b: print("a is equal to b") # Not equal if a != b: print("a and b are not equal") # And if a < b and a < c: print("a is less than b and c") # Non-exclusive or if a < b or a < c: print("a is less than either a or b (or both)") # Boolean data type. This is legal! a = True if a: print("a is true") if not a: print("a is false") a = True b = False if a and b: print("a and b are both true") a = 3 b = 3 c = a == b print(c) # These are also legal and will trigger as being true because # the values are not zero: if 1: print("1") if "A": print("A") # This will not trigger as true because it is zero. if 0: print("Zero") # Comparing variables to multiple values. # The first if statement appears to work, but it will always # trigger as true even if the variable a is not equal to b. # This is because "b" by itself is considered true. a = "c" if a == "B" or "b": print("a is equal to b. Maybe.") # This is the proper way to do the if statement. if a == "B" or a == "b": print("a is equal to b.") # Example 1: If statement temperature = int(input("What is the temperature in Fahrenheit? ")) if temperature > 90: print("It is hot outside") print("Done") # Example 2: Else statement temperature = int(input("What is the temperature in Fahrenheit? ")) if temperature > 90: print("It is hot outside") else: print("It is not hot outside") print("Done") # Example 3: Else if statement temperature = int(input("What is the temperature in Fahrenheit? ")) if temperature > 90: print("It is hot outside") elif temperature < 30: print("It is cold outside") else: print("It is not hot outside") print("Done") # Example 4: Ordering of statements # Something with this is wrong. What? temperature = int(input("What is the temperature in Fahrenheit? ")) if temperature > 90: print("It is hot outside") elif temperature > 110: print("Oh man, you could fry eggs on the pavement!") elif temperature < 30: print("It is cold outside") else: print("It is ok outside") print("Done") # Comparisons using string/text # The input statement will ask the user for input and put it in user_name. user_name = input("What is your name? ") if user_name == "Paul": print("You have a nice name.") else: print("Your name is ok.") |